SIMCHA FINKELMAN - Abstracts
SIMCHA FINKELMAN
Paperna I. and Finkelman S.
Abstract:
To be added.......
Folia Parasitologica, 46:154. 1999
Paperna I. and Finkelman S.
Abstract:
The fine structure of the endogenous stages of five species of
Isospora of lacertile hosts is reviewed and compared. All species were
intranuclear and were the following: I. deserti, from
Agama pallida from Israel; I. cannoni, from Diporiphora australis from
Queensland, Australia; and new, yet undescribed species from Hemidactylus
turcicus from Israel. Heteronota binoei from Queensland, and Carlia
rhomboidalis from Queensland. In young infections the intranuclear parasitophorous
vacuole
(PV) maintained at one point a junction zone with the nucleolemma. Finding
couples of trophozoites sharing the same PV suggests a binary division
(or endodyogeny?) prior to merogony. There was some overall conformity
in structure among the respective stages of the different species,
particularly of the gamonts. Some interspecific differences were, however, evident in
the texture of the wall-forming bodies. The wall formation followed the
scheme described for avian and mammalian eimeriid coccidia. The smaller
size Isospora from C. rhomboidalis exhibited fine structural peculiarities
and affected its host nucleus differently. More conspicuous peculiarities
were evident in the differentiation process of I. cannoni meronts, involving
a formation of centrally positioned large inclusions, a mitochondrial
plaque-like
organelle and large uniquely structured vesicular mitochondria.
Parassitologia,
40:(3)283-96 1998
Finkelman S. and Paperna I.
Abstract:
Schellackia calotesi n. sp, is described from the Thai agamids
Calotes mystaceus and C. versicolor. Schellackia-type
sporozoites were recovered from blood and liver oi one
C. versicolor from Kon Kaen North-East Thailand and two C.
mystaceus from Chiang Mai, North Thailand. Specimens of both species were
fed on
sporozoite infected blood, of these only one C. mystaceus developed
endogenous infection in the anterior intestine. Description, from
histological
material includes early and dividing meronts, micro and macrogamonts and
non sporulated oocysts.
Parasite-Journal de la Societe Francaise de
Parasitologie, 5: (1) 23-26 MAR 1998
Paperna I. and Finkelman S.
Abstract:
Schellackia ptyodacyli sp.n. is described from the fan-footed
gecko Ptyodacylus hasselwuistii
(Donndorf) found the lower Jordan Valley, Cis-Jordan. Endogenous development
was studied in geckoes necropsied 7-11 days after being inoculated with
blood containing sporozoites from naturally infected geckoes of the same
species. Merogony and gamogony/oogony stages, as well as sporozoites, are
described by light and electron microscopy. Merogony stages, microgamonts
and sporozoites conformed in fine structure to that of other eimerian
coccidia,
whereas wall forming bodies of the macrogamonts showed some divergence
from the general pattern characteristic of eimerians and Schellackia cf.
agamue. Merogony stages occurred simultaneously with gamonts and
sporozoites.
In the blood, sporozoites entered leucocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes.
Parasitaemia persisted for up to 2 years in some naturally infected geckoes
in captivity.
Folia Parasitologica,
43: (3) 161-172 1996
Paperna I. and Finkelman S.
Abstract:
Early development of the coccidium
Sacrocystis muriviperae Matuschka, Heydorn, Mehlhorn, Abd-Al-Aal, Diesing
et Bichler, 1987 is described from experimentally infected white mice fed
sporocysts from naturally infected Vipera palaestinae and Coluber
jugularis.
Although the course of infection was similar, mice infected with the
sporocysts
from the first host survived an inoculum of up to 200,000 sporocysts, while
others infected with the second, succumbed to inocula exceeding 40,000
sporocysts in 7-10 days post infection (p.i.). Histological and
ultrastructural
studies revealed merogony in the hepatocytes during days 7-10 p.i, and
onset of sarcocyst development by days 19-21 p.i. The livers of infected
mice are grossly enlarged and of a mottled whitish colour due to severe
neutrophil inflammatory infiltration, apparently stimulated by host cell
residues or from defunct disaggregating meronts at the end of the merogony
cycle. Early sarcocysts undergo a further division by endopolygeny before
proceeding to division by endodyogeny.
Folia Parasitologica, 43: (2) 91-99 1996
Paperna I. and Finkelman S.
Abstract:
The ultrastructure of the endogenous
stages - merozoites, microgamonts, macrogamonts and oocysts, of Sarcocystis
muriviperae from the snakes Vipera palaestinae and Coluber
jugularis
is described. Snakes were infected via white mice fed on sporocysts obtained
from naturally infected snakes of the same species. Snakes examined 4 days
post-infection contained only young and premature gamonts. Infection in
snakes sacrificed on day 7 post-infection consisted predominantly of mature
microgamonts and macrogamonts; snakes examined on day 10 post-infection
revealed only oocysts. The fine structure of the endogenous stages from
the two snakes, including size and contents of the wall-forming bodies,
was identical, confirming their suggested conspecificity. Observed
endogenous
stages also conformed in their major details with the same developmental
stages of other Sarcocystis species studied from other snakes and mammalian
definitive hosts and from ill vitro culture. However, they differed from
the latter in size and contents of the wall-forming bodies. The observed
fertilization process was reminiscent of that described earlier in S.
bovicanis.
Folia Parasitologica, 43: (1) 13-19 1996
Finkelman S. and Paperna I.
Abstract:
Two new species of Isospora are
described from Thai geckoes. I. platyurusi n. sp. in Cosymbotus
platyurus from Chiang Mai and Khon Kaen and I. uptoni n. sp.
in Hemidactylus frenatus from Chiang Mai. Oocysts of I.
platyurusi
are spherical to subspherical, 19-22.5 x 16.5-21.5 mu m and have two ovoid
sporocysts of 11.5-14 x 7.5-9 mu m. Oocysts of I. uptoni are
spherical to subspherical, 24-31.5 x 20-27.5 mu m and have two ovoid sporocysts of
12.5-15 x 9-11.5 mu m. Both species have sporocysts with Stieda bodies
and undergo endogenous development in the nucleus of the host gut epithelial
cells. On the completion of merogony and gamogony, the host nucleus is
reduced to a thin envelope.
Systematic Parasitology, 30: (3) 213-221 APR 1995
>
Bertrand M., Paperna I. and Finkelman S.
Abstract:
The authors analyze the evolutionary
characters of Pterygosomidae, based on the description of Pterygosoma
bibronii Jack 1962, with particular attention being paid to morphology
of chelicerae, palp and leg chaetotaxy. The idionymy of dorsal chaetotactic
pattern is discussed with reference to observations made on the genus
Geckobia.
Acarologia, 36: (2) 133-143 JUN 1995
Finkelman S. and Paperna I.
Abstract:
Three new species of Isospora Schneider,
1881 are described from agamid lizards, Isospora cannoni n. sp.
in Diporiphora australis from northern Queensland, Australia, I.
choochotei n. sp. in Calotes mystaceus from northern Thailand,
and I. deserti n. sp. in Agama pallida from Israel. I.
cannoni oocysts are subspherical, 20-25 x 22.5-27.5 mu m with two ovoid
sporocysts, 14-15.5 x 10-11.5 mu m. I. choochotei oocysts are
spherical
to subspherical, 24-32 x 28-32.5 mu m with two ovoid sporocysts, 11 x
15.5-18
mu m. I. deserti oocysts are spherical, 25-28 mu m in diameter with two
ovoid sporocysts, 10-11 x 14-17.5 mu m. All species had sporocysts with
Stieda bodies and underwent endogenous development in the nucleus of the
host gut epithelial cells. At completion of merogony and gamogony, the
host nucleus was reduced to a thin envelope. The significance of endogenous
stage characteristics in Isospora taxonomy is discussed.
Systematic Parasitology,
27: (3) 213-226 MAR 1994
Finkelman S. and Paperna I.
Abstract:
Two new species of Isospora are
described from skinks, I. cryptoblephari n. sp. in Cryptoblepharus
virgatus and I. delmae n. sp. in
Delma nasuta, both collected
in Australia. I. cryptoblephari
oocysts are ellipsoidal to subspherical,
17.5-22.5 x 25.0-30.0 mu m with two ovoid sporocysts, 9.0-10.0 x 12.5-14.0
mu m. I. delmae oocysts are spherical to subspherical, 16.5-19.0
x 16.5-20.0 mu m with two ovoid sporocysts, 5.0-6.5 x 9.0-12.5 mu m. These
species of Isospora had two sporocysts, each containing four sporozoites
and a characteristic Stieda body. A study of endogenous stages in the host's
intestine revealed that I. cryptoblephari develops in the nucleus
and I. delmae in the cytoplasm of the host's gut epithelial cell.
In the former, both merogony and gamogony occurred in the nucleus.
Systematic Parasitology,
27: (3) 227-235 MAR 1994
Bain O., Wanji S., Petit G., Paperna I. and Finkelman S.
Abstract:
Four new species of Splendidofilariinae
from different families of lizards are described: Thamugadia wertheimae
n. sp., from Acanthodactylus b. boskianus from Israel, Madathamugadia
versterae
n. sp., from Mabuya capensis from the Northern Transvaal; M. bissani n.
sp., from Mabuya quinquetaeniata from Mali; and M. ineichi n. sp., from
Pseudocordylus microlepidotus melanotus from the Orange Free State. The
life-cycle of M. ineichi is described. It occurs in a Phlebotomus species
and is similar to the two known life-cycles in the genus. The new
combination
Madathamugadia huambensis (Petit, Bain, Gomes & Touratier, 1983) is
proposed for the filarial worm from Mabuya aff. quinquetaeniata in Angola,
previously placed in the genus Piratuboides (Oswaldofilariinae).
Pseudothamugadia
physignathi, from Physignathus lesueurii in Australia, is redescribed.
In New Guinea, this filarid, or a closely related species, is a parasite
of Chlamydosaurus kingii. The presence of splendidofilariines in lizards
from southern and western Africa is a new finding. These Ethiopian species
show several original characteristics but exhibit affinities with the two
Madathamugadia spp. from Malagasy. M. ineichi appears to be a primitive
form with a well-developed buccal capsule and well-developed pre- and
post-cloacal
papillae. Two lines appear to derive from this group: the first is
characterised
by the reduction of the post-cloacal papillae and comprises the eight
species
of Madathamugadia in the Ethiopian and Mediterranean regions; the second
line is characterised by a reduction of the pre-cloacal papillae and
includes
the four species of Thamugadia in the Mediterranean region. Morphologically,
Pseudothamugadia appears to be closely related to Madathamugadia.
Systematic Parasitology,
26: (2) 97-115 OCT 1993
Paperna I. and Finkelman S.
Abstract:
Sandflies belonging to Sergentomya
fallax (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) were found gorged with
blood in the external ear chamber of the gecko Ptyodactylus
hasselquistii.
Of all the blood parasite species in the host, only two were found so far
in the sandfly.
Israel Journal of Zoology,
39: (2) 167-168 1993
Bain O.,
Petit G., Paperna I., Finkelman S. and Killickkendrick M.
Abstract:
A description is given of Madathamugadia
wanjii n. sp., a Splendidofilariinae parasite of the gecko
Ptyodactylus
hasselquistii, on the west bank of the River Jordan and of its life
cycle in Phlebotomus duboscqi. The new species is close to M. ivaschkini
(Annaev, 1976) n. comb., of Turkmenistan, which is also transmitted by
sandflies (Reznik, 1982). The genus Madathamugadia is now comprised of
four species, two from Madagascar and two from the Mediterranean sub-region;
it differs from the genus Thamugadia by the presence of a double row of
papillae anterior to the cloaca of the male. The larval characters of
Splendidofilariinae
of lizards confirm the affinity of these parasites to the
Splendidofilariinae
of birds (Chandlerella and Splendidofilaria); the first group could have
arisen from the second by "captures" which could have occurred in several
places.
Memorias do Instituto
Oswaldo Cruz, 87: 21-29 Suppl. 1 1992
Paperna
I. and Finkelman S.
Abstract:
Syrian black snakes (Coluber
jugularis L.) in Israel were found to be passing oocysts identical
in size and shape to Caryospora colubris Matuschka, 1984. Attempts to infect
mice with oocysts were unsuccessful. The endogenous developmental cycle
of C. colubris is described from a Syrian black snake infected per os with
oocysts obtained from natural infection. Meronts divide to eight merozoites
and microgamonts form 18-25 microgametes. Macrogamonts contain both types
of wall forming bodies, the first type very small and the second type large
and conspicuously eosinophilic. The latter persist till the late stage
of oocyst formation. Some adhere to the forming wall while the remaining
coalesce into one or a few large inclusions. The significance of endogenous
stage characteristics in Caryospora taxonomy and a possible origin of the
sporozoite refractile body from the type 2 wall forming bodies are
discussed.
Annales de Parasitologie
Humaine et Comparee, 66: (3) 91-95 1991
Finkelman S., Navarro S., Isikber A., Dias R., Azrieli A., Miriam Rindner, Lotan Y. and Debruin T.
Abstract:
Two field trials were carried out on 24 metric tonnes of cacao beans to evaluate the feasibility of storage and pest control under low pressures using a novel approach to the application of vacuum technology. In these field trials, a new transportable flexible storage system of 15-m3 termed the "Volcani Cube™" or "GrainPro Cocoon™" and a rotary oil-lubricated vacuum pump (3 hp Becker model U 4.70, Germany) were used. The first trial was conducted on March 2001 in Israel, at the Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) campus using two Volcani Cubes. The pressure in the cubes was maintained within the range of 23 and 75 mm Hg for duration of 3 and 7 days. Each cube accommodated 100 jute bags of cacao, each weighing 65-kg (total 6,500 kg per cube). The cube was loaded manually and stacked with six layers of bags. The second field trial was conducted on November 2001 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. The pressure in the cubes was maintained within the range of 25 and 50 mm Hg for duration of 3 and 7 days. Each cube contained 87 jute bags each weighing 65-kg (total 5,650 kg per cube). All life stages of Ephestia cautella, Plodia interpunctella and Tribolium castaneum were used as bioassay test insects. Caged insects were placed, prior to the trials, in the cubes. Complete mortality of all life stages of insects was obtained in all four trials. These results showed that the use of low pressure for controlling storage insect pests is feasible without the need of large and massive rigid constructions that serve for conventional vacuum facilities today.
Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, July 22-26, 2002, York, UK, pp 579-582.
Finkelman S., Navarro S, Villers P., Lotan Y. and DeBruin T.
Abstract:
The cocoa in Ivory Coast is currently being fumigated using phosphine prior to export, with an exposure's length of three days. A trial was conducted in the Ivory Coast to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Vacuum Hermetic-Fumigation System (V-HF) (patent pending) as a mean of controlling insect infestation without the use of pesticides while maintaining the quality of the stored beans. Five lots of cocoa beans were used in the demonstration. Two lots were treated under vacuum in two transportable flexible storage cubes of 15-m3 termed the "Volcani Cube™" or "GrainPro Cocoon™". The pressure in the cubes was maintained within the range of 23 to 75 mm Hg for durations of 3 and 7 days. The other two lots were fumigated with phosphine using tablets placed in gas proof envelopes surrounding the sacks at the bottom of the lots, for durations of 3 and 5 days. One untreated lot was used as a control.
In each lot, 30% of the bags were sampled for overall quality evaluation by cut test, free fatty acids, ochratoxin, moisture content and cocoa liquor tasting. The flavor quality of the cocoa beans was well maintained after the completion of the trial. No flavor changes, no detectable flavor quality differentiation and no differences in the free fatty acid (FFA) levels between the five stacks were observed. All results on FFA for the five stacks were under 1%. In conclusion, the results showed that the quality of the cocoa beans was well maintained after the completion of the trials with both phosphine under gas proof envelopes and with vacuum using V-HF system in cubes/cocoons. The use of Cocoons in this trial aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of an alternative to fumigation to phosphine. An economic analysis revealed that the vacuum system was effective in killing the insects at a lesser cost than phosphine.
Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 2002, York, UK, pp 579-582.
Finkelman S., Navarro S., Isikber A., Dias R., Azrieli A., Miriam Rindner, Lotan Y. and Debruin T.
Abstract:
This study forms part of a project aimed at eliminating the need for fumigation with methyl bromide to control stored product insects in, through development of a novel alternative vacuum-hermetic technology. First objective was to study the effects of low air pressures, temperature and exposure time on insect mortality in stored cocoa beans. A second was to study the potential of an innovative transportable sealed storage system as a practical tool for control of the insect pests at low air pressures. Two insects, both major pests of cacao beans in producer countries were used: Ephestia cautella, and Tribolium castaneum. The experiments conducted in the laboratory showed that the eggs were the most resistant stage to storage under a low air pressure of 55 ± 10 mm Hg at the two studied temperatures of 18°C and 30°C. Times needed to obtain 99% mortality of T. castaneum eggs at 18°C and 30°C were 96 and 53 hours respectively. For E. cautella eggs 99% mortality at 18°C and 30°C was obtained after 149 and 41 hours respectively.
Two experiments were carried out in the field trial, each using 15 m3 capacity plastic containers termed the "GrainPro Cocoon" or "Volcani Cubes", specially adapted to facilitate low pressure ("vacuum cube"). The pressure in the vacuum cube was established within the range of 23 to 75 mm Hg. In one cube the low pressure was held for 3 days and in the second, for 7 days. In both cubes 100% mortality of all test insects was obtained.
Proceeding of International Conference on Alternatives to Methyl Bromide (eds. T.A. Batchelor and J.M. Bolivar), pp. 130-133 Sevilla, Spain. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
Simcha Finkelman, Shlomo Navarro, Miriam Rindner, Refael Dias and Avi Azrieli
Abstract:
This study forms part of an effort to eliminate the need for fumigation with methyl bromide to control insect infestations in stored cocoa beans, through development of novel alternative vacuum-hermetic technology. In this communication the effects of low pressures and exposure time were studied on the mortality of insects at a temperature of 18°C, chosen to simulate cocoa bean storage conditions in temperate climates.
Three insects were used, two of which are major pests of cocoa beans in producer countries: Ephestia cautella (Walker), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), while the third, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), is a potential storage pest in temperate climates. For T. castaneum and E. cautella the egg stage was the most resistant to 55 ± 10 mm Hg at 18° C, the times needed to obtain 99% egg mortality were 96 and 149 h, respectively. For O. surinamensis, the adult stage was the most resistant with 164 h being required to obtain 99% mortality.
J. stored Prod. Res., 40: 499-506.
Simcha Finkelman, Shlomo Navarro, Ali A. Isikber and Ezra Donahaye
Abstract:
A series of commercial fumigations to control narcissus fly larvae in bulbs for export was carried out to determine the effectiveness of a gas distribution method that utilizes external fans positioned outside the chamber. The principle is to generate air motion using the flexibility of the PVC liner. This is done by directing an air-flow along the walls of the liner, thus creating a ripple motion that generates an internal turbulence which mixes the air with the fumigant inside the chamber. With fans placed opposite the corners of the bubble it was possible to divide the airflow along all sides of the bubble wall. Methyl bromide concentrations recorded over the 4-h fumigation period, were compared with previous results obtained when the fumigant was mixed by recirculation. The use of external fans in combination with flexible PVC chambers enabled an even gas distribution to be achieved within the chambers in 1-1.5 h whereas under recirculation, even distribution was not reached during the entire 4-h fumigation period. Post-fumigation mortality data on narcissus fly larvae revealed 100% kill.
Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 323-331
Ali A. Isikber, Shlomo Navarro, Simcha Finkelman, Miriam Rindner and Rafael Dias
Abstract:
Sorption of propylene oxide (PPO) by various commodities was studied at different concentrations during a 4-h exposure at 30°C. A gas chromatograph was used to determine sorption of PPO applied at concentrations of 24, 49, 82 and 112 mg/l by 1±.01 kg of narcissus bulbs, wheat, corn and cocoa beans in 2.64-l fumigation chambers. Results showed that for corn and cocoa beans the decrease in concentration during the first hour, that ranged from 40% to 76% of the initial concentration applied, was much greater than that for narcissus bulbs and wheat, which ranged from 25% to 41% of the initial concentration applied. PPO was initially taken up faster by corn and cocoa beans than by narcissus bulbs and wheat. The average sorption rate for each commodity increased with increasing initial concentration. The average sorption rate of PPO by corn and cocoa beans ranged from 14.9 to 48.6 ((mg/kg)/h) which was higher at each concentration than sorption by narcissus bulbs and wheat. In spite of the relatively high rates of sorption, the PPO residues among wheat, corn and cocoa beans immediately following a 4-h fumigation were well below the 300 ppm tolerance. These data show that PPO rapidly desorbed from the commodities under fumigation at 30°C and at ambient atmospheric pressure.
J. stored Prod. Res. 41, 311-321
Navarro S., Finkelman S., Sabio G., Isikber A., Dias R., Miriam Rindner, and Azrieli A.
Abstract:
Laboratory studies were carried out to identify the combinations that enhance the effectiveness of insect control based on vacuum or CO2 in combination with increased temperatures as quarantine treatment of storage pests. The role of the commodity moisture content and the partial pressure of oxygen on the effectiveness of vacuum were described. Adults of Lasioderma serricorne were exposed to low pressures at 30°C, for which LT99 value was 15 h when exposed to 25 mm Hg. Diapausing larvae of Trogoderma granarium were most resistant species, whereby 172 h exposure was necessary under the same conditions. Effect of CO2 at 45°C on reducing the exposure time for diapausing larvae of T. granarium showed that by increasing the CO2 concentration to 90% the LT99 value decreased to about 10 h, whereas at 35°C the LT99 value was 29 h. Ephestia cautella larvae were shown to be the most resistant stage to 90% CO2 at 40°C, with an LT99 value of only 6 h. For Oryzaephilus surinamensis under the same conditions, the LT99 value was 9 h for the most resistant egg stage. These encouraging results led to the idea of developing a transportable flexible storage system to render the technology a practical tool for the control of insect pests. Experiments were carried out using a 15-m3 capacity plastic container termed the "GrainPro Cocoon™". Bioassay in field trials at 30°C demonstrated that complete mortality of test insects composed of all four developmental stages of E. cautella and Tribolium castaneum was observed upon 3-days exposure to vacuum maintained within 22 and 75 mm Hg.
Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection. P.E. Credland, D.M. Armitage, C.H. Bell, P.M. Cogan and E. Highley, Eds.York, UK., CABI Publishing, UK. pp. 818-822.
Isikber A.A., Navarro S., Finkelman S., Azrieli A., M. Rindner and R. Dias
Abstract:
The relative effectiveness of propylene oxide (PPO) alone and in combination with low pressure (100 mmHg) or 92% CO2 against all life stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) during an exposure time of 4 h in the laboratory was studied. Effect of 100 mmHg and of 92% CO2 without the presence of PPO on the mortality of T. castaneum was also determined. All tests were carried out in desiccators at 30°C and 70% relative humidity. Sorption of PPO alone by wheat, cacao bean and corn was observed at regular intervals for a 4 h period when an initial concentration of 82 mg/L was applied.
The order of tolerance of the life stages to PPO alone was pupa>larva>adult>egg, requiring concentrations of 30, 84, 147 and 56 mg/L, respectively, to achieve LD99 within 4 h exposure. PPO in combination with both 100 mm Hg or 92% CO2 produced a significant decrease in the LD99 of the larvae, pupae and adults, resulting in a reduction ratio of LD99 values by 6.2 to 8.7 fold, compared with exposure to PPO alone. There was a nil to low mortality in all life stages except eggs, when exposed to 92% CO2 or to a low pressure of 100 mmHg alone for 4 h. These results suggest that low pressure or CO2 have a synergistic effect on the tested insects when exposed to PPO. Sorption of PPO by corn, wheat and cacao beans after 4 h exposure time varied from 57% to 79% of initial concentration. This study suggests that combination of PPO with low pressure or CO2 can be a potential alternative to methyl bromide.
Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection. P.E. Credland, D.M. Armitage, C.H. Bell, P.M. Cogan and E. Highley, Eds., York, UK., CABI Publishing, UK. pp. 823-826.
Finkelman S., Navarro S., Isikber A., Dias R., Azrieli A., Miriam Rindner, Lotan Y. and Debruin T.
Abstract:
This study forms part of a project aimed at eliminating the need for fumigation with methyl bromide to control stored product insects in, through development of a novel alternative vacuum-hermetic technology. First objective was to study the effects of low air pressures, temperature and exposure time on insect mortality in stored cocoa beans. A second was to study the potential of an innovative transportable sealed storage system as a practical tool for control of the insect pests at low air pressures. Two insects, both major pests of cacao beans in producer countries were used: Ephestia cautella, and Tribolium castaneum. The experiments conducted in the laboratory showed that the eggs were the most resistant stage to storage under a low air pressure of 55 ± 10 mm Hg at the two studied temperatures of 18°C and 30°C. Times needed to obtain 99% mortality of T. castaneum eggs at 18°C and 30°C were 96 and 53 hours respectively. For E. cautella eggs 99% mortality at 18°C and 30°C was obtained after 149 and 41 hours respectively.
Two experiments were carried out in the field trial, each using 15 m3 capacity plastic containers termed the "GrainPro Cocoon™" , specially adapted to facilitate low pressure ("vacuum cube"). The pressure in the vacuum cube was established within the range of 23 to 75 mm Hg. In one cube the low pressure was held for 3 days and in the second, for 7 days. In both cubes 100% mortality of all test insects was obtained.
Proceeding of International Conference on Alternatives to Methyl Bromide (eds. T.A. Batchelor and J.M. Bolivar), pp. 130-133 Sevilla, Spain. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
S. Navarro, S. Finkelman, G. Sabio, A. Isikber, R. Dias, M. Rindner And A. Azrieli
Abstract:
The objective of our investigation was to identify the combinations that enhance the effectiveness of insect control based on vacuum or CO2 in combination with increased temperatures as quarantine treatment of storage pests. In laboratory studies with Lasioderma serricorne exposed to low pressures at 30°C, LT99 value for adults was 15 h when exposed to 25 mm Hg. Trogoderma granarium diapausing larvae were most resistant species, whereby 172 h exposure was necessary under the same conditions. Effect of CO2 at 45°C on reducing the exposure time for diapausing larvae of T. granarium showed that by increasing the CO2 concentration to 90% the LT99 value decreased to about 10 h, whereas at 35°C the LT99 value was 29 h. Ephestia cautella larvae were shown to be the most resistant stage to 90% CO2 at 40°C, with an LT99 value of only 6 h. For Oryzaephilus surinamensis under the same conditions, the LT99 value was 9 h for the most resistant egg stage. These encouraging reports led to the idea of developing a transportable flexible storage system to render the technology a practical tool for the control of insect pests. Experiments were carried out using a 15-m3 capacity plastic container termed the "GrainPro Cocoon™". Bioassay in field trials demonstrated that complete mortality of test insects composed of all four developmental stages of E. cautella and Tribolium castaneum was observed when exposure to a vacuum for 3-days.
Proceeding of International Conference on Alternatives to Methyl Bromide (eds. T.A. Batchelor and J.M. Bolivar), pp. 130-134 Sevilla, Spain. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
Navarro S., Finkelman S., Donahaye E., Dias R., Miriam Rindner and Azrieli A.
Abstract:
The suggested potential alternatives to MB (methyl bromide) for disinfestation of durable commodities are likely to be costly compared to the use of MB. In addition very few of the suggested treatments have the effectiveness of short exposure time comparable to MB. The objective of our investigation was to identify the combinations that enhance the effectiveness of the treatments based on vacuum or a combination of heat and CO2.
The influence of CO2 at 45°C on reducing the exposure time expressed as LT99 values for diapausing larvae of Trogoderma granarium showed that by increasing the CO2 concentration to 90% the exposure time decreased to about 9.5 h, whereas at 35°C the LT99 value was 29.1 h. Tests with Ephestia cautella showed that the pupae was the most resistant stage to the same treatment with an LT99 value of only 3.4 h, and for Oryzaephilus surinamensis under the same conditions it was less than 2 h for the most resistant larval stage. Laboratory studies with Lasioderma serricorne exposed to low pressures at 30°C, LT99 values for adults was 15.3 h when exposed to 25 mm Hg. Trogoderma granarium larvae were the most resistant species, for which under the same conditions 172 h exposure was necessary. These encouraging reports led to the idea of developing a transportable system to render the technology a practical tool for the control of insect pests. Experiments were carried out using a 15-m3 capacity plastic container termed the "GrainPro Cocoon". The pressure was maintained between 25 to 29 mm Hg for 17 days. Bioassay in field trials demonstrated that complete mortality of test insects composed of mixed ages of E. cautella Plodia interpunctella, and larvae of T. castaneum was observed on the 3-days exposure to vacuum.
Meeting of the IOBC WPRS / OILB SROP working group integrated protection of stored products (eds. A. Cornel and S. Navarro), p. 31 Lisbon, Portugal.
Navarro S., Finkelman S., Donahaye E., Miriam Rindner, Dias R., Azrieli A.
Abstract:
The suggested potential alternatives to MB (methyl bromide) for disinfestation of durable commodities are likely to be costly compared to the use of MB. In addition, very few of the suggested treatments have the effectiveness of short exposure time comparable to MB. The objective of our investigation was to identify the combinations that enhance the effectiveness of the treatments based on vacuum or a combination of heat and CO2.
The influence of CO2 at 45°C on reducing the exposure time expressed as LT99 values for diapausing larvae of Trogoderma granarium showed that by increasing the CO2 concentration to 90% the exposure time decreased to about 9.5 h. For the same species at 35¼C the LT99 value was 29.1 h. To obtain LT99 values for diapausing larvae of Trogoderma granarium at 25 mm Hg and 35°C, 172-h exposure was necessary.
Tests with Ephestia cautella showed that the pupae was the most resistant stage to the treatment of 90% CO2 at 35¼C for which an LT99 value of 17 h was required. For pupae, the most resistant stage of Tribolium castaneum, the LT99 value was 25 h when exposed to 92% CO2, and at 100 mm Hg the LT99 value was 45 h at 30¼C. Oryzaephilus surinamensis exposed to 90% CO2 required the LT99 value of 9 h for the eggs, most resistant stage at 35°C. Laboratory studies with Lasioderma serricorne exposed to low pressures at 30°C, LT99 values for adults was 15.3 h when exposed to 25 mm Hg.
These encouraging reports led to the idea of developing a transportable system to render the technology a practical tool for the control of insect pests. Experiments were carried out using a 15-m3 capacity plastic container termed the "GrainPro Cocoon". The pressure was maintained between 25 to 29 mm Hg for 17 days. Bioassays in field trials were conducted with 7 tonnes of cocoa beans stored in the "GrainPro Cocoon". These trials demonstrated that complete mortality of test insects composed of mixed ages of E. cautella, and T. castaneum was observed on the 3-days exposure to low pressures maintained within the range of .22 and 75 mm Hg.
Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions (eds. G.L. Obenauf and R. Obenauf), p. 68-1. San Diego, CA, USA.
Isikber A.A., Navarro S., Finkelman S. and Azrieli A.
Abstract:
Propylene oxide (PPO) is an FDA approved fumigant to control microbial contamination in dry and shelled walnuts. PPO boils at 35°C under NTP, is a liquid, and has a low toxicity. It is also not an ozone depleter and is environmentally benign. Methyl bromide is phased out as a fumigant under the Montreal Prot°Col and phosphine is not applicable or practical for all stored commodities due to its slow action. Therefore, considerable research is under way worldwide to find out chemical and non-chemical alternatives to Methyl bromide.
PPO has been recently demonstrated by preliminary tests to have insecticidal properties under vacuum conditions and to show potential as fumigant by killing all stages of the confused flour beetle, the Indian meal moth and the warehouse beetle. However, PPO is flammable from %3 to %37 in air and therefore, is explosive at concentrations of %1 to %100 in air. Eliminating any flammable hazard of PPO can be achieved by applying it under low pressure or CO2-enriched atmospheres. PPO effectiveness at low pressure or in a combination with CO2 requires elucidation to clarify the efficiency of each treatment alone or in combination. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine (1) the efficacy of low pressure (100 mm Hg) and CO2 (92%) alone, (2) toxicity of PPO alone during short exposure time using wide range of concentration, and (3) efficacy of PPO in combination with low pressure (100 mm Hg) and CO2 (92%).
The insect used in this study was red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). 50 larvae and adults a week olds, and 50 pupae and 100 eggs 2-3 days olds was used for the tests. All the tests were carried out in 3-liter desiccators at a temperature of 30°C and %70 relative humidity. Prior to each test, each stage of T. castaneum was confined in metal cage with a small amount of diet. For PPO fumigation, PPO was introduced as liquid into the desiccators by using gas-tight micro-syringe. Concentrations of 8.6, 17.2, 25.8, 34.4, 68.8, 103.2, 137.6 mg/L were tested for each stage of the insect. For PPO treatment with low pressure and CO2, after insects were placed in the desiccators, 100 mm Hg vacuum was obtained by evacuating air with a vacuum pump. For 92% CO2, the CO2 concentration was obtained after evacuation of the jar and restoring the atmosphere pressure by CO2. Thereafter, PPO was injected into the desiccators. Each of the combinations with CO2 and low pressure in the desiccators was tested with four to six dosages of PPO namely, 4.3, 8.6, 17.2, 25.8, 34.4 and 44.8 mg/L plus vacuum (100 mm Hg) and 92% CO2 treatment alone and control. For each fumigation, the exposure time was 4 h, the gas mixture in fumigation chambers was stirred for 15 min. During the experiments the concentrations of PPO and CO2 were checked by the gas chromatograph and thermal conductivity detector, respectively. After each experiment, each stage of the insect was kept at 26°C and 75% relative humidity until controlling for mortality. Probit analysis was applied to data on mortality of each stage of the insect.
For PPO alone, eggs, larvae, pupae and adults required a concentration of 30.1, 83.5, 146.5 and 55.4 mg/L respectively to achieve LD99 for 4 h. As seen from the results, there was a remarkable difference in susceptibility between the stages of the insect tested. The order of tolerance of the life stages at LD99 to PPO alone was pupa > larva > adult > egg. There was not any or negligible mortality of all life stages except egg stage (53% to 62%), when exposed 92% CO2 and vacuum (100 mm Hg) alone for 4 h. However, propylene oxide in combination with both 100 mm Hg and 92% CO2 reduced the LD50 and LD99 values of all life stages significantly. PPO in combination with 92% CO2 and 100 mm Hg decreased LD99 value from 146.5 mg/L to approximately 20 mg/L for the most tolerant stage, pupae. Both combination treatments also produced a significant decrease in the LD99 of the larvae and adults (6.2- to 8.7-fold) compared with exposure to propylene oxide alone
The results obtained from this study suggest that the combination of propylene oxide with CO2 or vacuum can be a potential as fumigant for replacing Methyl Bromide in some critical applications. However, further research is needed to obtain data on its absorption by different commodities and its penetration through the mass of commodities.
Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions (eds. G.L. Obenauf and R. Obenauf), p. 70-1 San Diego, CA, USA.
Finkelman S., Navarro S., Miriam Rindner, Dias and R., Azrieli A.
Abstract:
This study forms part of an effort to eliminate the need for fumigation with methyl bromide to control insect infestations in stored cocoa beans, through development novel alternative vacuum-hermetic technology. In this communication the effects of low pressures and exposure time were studied on the mortality of insects at a temperature of 18°C, chosen to simulate cacao bean storage conditions in temperate climates.
Three insects were used, two of which are major pests of cacao beans in producer countries: Ephestia cautella (Walk.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), while the third, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), is a potential storage pest in the destination countries. For T. castaneum and E. cautella the egg stage was the most resistant to 55 ± 10 mmHg at 18°C, the times needed to obtain egg mortality of 99% was 96 and 149 hours respectively. For O. surinamensis, the adult stage was the most resistant with 164 hours being required to obtain 99% mortality.
Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions (eds. G.L. Obenauf and R. Obenauf), pp. 69-1 San Diego, CA, USA.
Isikber, A., Navarro S., Finkelman S., Miriam Rindner, Dias and R., Azrieli A.
Abstract:
The relative toxicity of propylene oxide (PPO) at a low pressure of 100 mm Hg to four species of stored product insect at 30 C over a 4-h exposure period was investigated. PPO at 100 mm Hg was toxic to all four species tested: Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Plodia interpunctella (Hu ¬bner),
Ephestia cautella (Wlk.), and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). There were differences in susceptibility between the life stages of the tested insect species. Mortality tests on all life stages of the insects resulted in LD 99 values ranging from 4.7 to 26.1mg/liter. The pupal stage of E.cautella, O.surinamensis, and T.castaneum was the most tolerant stage with LD 99 values of 14.4, 26.1, and 25.7 mg/liter, respectively. For P.interpunctella, the egg stage was most tolerant, with a LD 99 value of 15.3 mg/liter.
Generally, PPO at 100mm Hg was more toxic to P.interpunctella and E.cautella than to O.surinamensis and T.castaneum. A 99% mortality of all life stages of the tested species was achieved at a concentrations time product of 104.4 mg h/liter. These findings indicate that a combination of PPO with
low pressure can render the fumigant a potential alternative to methyl bromide for rapid disinfestation of commodities.
J. Econ. Entomol. 97 (2):281-285