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CAF: The International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products
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Proceedings of the International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products, Nicosia, Cyprus 1996

About The Nicosia Conference

taken from the opening address by Dr. Shlomo Navarro, chairman of the Conference Scientific Committee

The International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation (CAF) continues to serve as the leading international forum for reporting advances in the research and development of gaseous treatments applied to the preservation of stored commodities. These proceedings contain the presentations made at the 5th gathering, which took place in Cyprus, 1996.

The Conference program included a pre-conference visit to Germany, organized by the Institute of Stored-Product Protection in Berlin, in coordination with the CAF Organizing Committee in Cyprus, under the sponsorship of Dr. C. Reichmuth. This interesting program which included visits to silos, granaries a museum and laboratories in Germany, was matched in Cyprus with visits to storage centers accompanied by sight-seeing visits to historical and tourist sites. The conference was held in the Cyprus International Conference Center in Nicosia.

The preparation of the conference from its inception to its realization was largely dependent upon the enthusiasm, devotion and support of representatives from two institutions: the Cyprus Grain Commission in Nicosia and the Israel Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) in Bet Dagan.

Conference Objectives

taken from the Press Release on the CAF Conference

"Currently there is worldwide pressure to reduce or phase out the use of fumigants and particularly methyl bromide. Scientists from 26 countries have gathered in Nicosia with the objective of reporting on the advances in research and development.

The conference pointed the way forward in agricultural product protection. Use of gases is increasingly the method of choice for treatment of pests infesting stored agricultural products. Research presented here lays the basis for techniques for use in the next decade.

The conference covered important global issues in pest control in stored products with the technique of fumigation or the use of controlled atmospheres:

Among the new techniques and substances which were covered, the use of carbon dioxide under pressure for rapid disinfestation and the production methods available for nitrogen were seen as promising approaches to including controlled atmospheres as a component of integrated pest management after harvest as alternatives to fumigants. Substances like methyl phosphine, methyl isothiocyanate and carbonyl sulphide were presented as possible alternatives to methyl bromide in some areas of application."

Table of Contents and Abstracts

(Most of the abstracts are taken from the "Book of Abstracts" and not from the "Proceedings")

SESSION 1: BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF ARTHROPODS TO TREATMENT WITH CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES AND/OR FUMIGATION

Rapporteur's Report

The use of mixed-age cultures in the measurement of response to phosphine
R.O. WINKS and ELISABETH A. HYNE
Abstract and Full Paper Download

On the efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride against stored-product pest moths and beetles
C. REICHMUTH. M. SCHOLLER. J.-F. DUGAST and M.J. DRINKALL
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Sensitivity of narcissus flies (Genera: Eumerus and Merodon) to methyl bromide
E.J. DONAHAYE. S. NAVARRO. R. DIAZ and MIRIAM RINDNER
Abstract and Full Paper Download

The effect of temperature on some resistant stored-product insects exposed to phosphine
ELlSABETH A. HYNE and R.G. WINKS
Abstract and Full Paper Download

The potential of methylphosphine as a fumigant for the control of phosphine-resistant strains of four species of stored-product insects
M.Q. CHAUDHRY, A.D. MacNICOLL. K.A. MILLS and N.R. PRICE
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Effects of carbonyl sulphide on Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium avenaceum (Sacc.) (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes), and corrosion on copper
R. PLARRE and C. REICHMUTH
Abstract and Full Paper Download

The effect of modified atmospheres on the juvenile stages of six grain beetles
S.T. CONYERS and C.H. BELL
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Control of the dermestid beetle Dermestes maculatus De Geer with controlled atmospheres
ANA C. Sח-FlSCHER, C.S. ADLER and C. REICHMUTH
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Rapid disinfestation through the combination of controlled atmospheres and heat
C.S. ADLER
Abstract and Full Paper Download

A comparative study of phosphine resistance levels in stored-grain beetles collected from sealed and unsealed farm storages in Westem Australia
R.N. EMERY
Abstract and Full Paper Download

SESSION 2: BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MICROFLORA TO TREATMENT WITH CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES AND/OR FUMIGATION

Rapporteur's Report

Growth of fungi in high carbon dioxide and low-oxygen atmospheres
AILSA D. HOCKING and MARTA H. TANIWAKI
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Respiration of wheat grain stored in different environments
J. LACEY, A. HAMER and N. MAGAN
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Effect of controlled atmospheres and fumigants on storage fungi - A review of research activities at SEAMEO BIOTROP
OKKY S. DHARMAPUTRA
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Effect of gastight storage on growth of fungi in paddy stored outdoors
FILIPINAS M. CALIBOSO, S. NAVARRO, D.G. AL VINDIA, EJ. DONAHAYE and GLORY C. SABIO
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Effect of phosphine and bag type on storage fungi of milled rice
OKKY S. DHARMAPUTRA, A.S.R. PUTRI and M. SIDIK
Abstract and Full Paper Download

SESSION 3: INFLUENCE OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES AND/OR FUMIGATION ON QUALITY PRESERVATION OF STORED PRODUCTS

Rapporteur's Report

Quality conservation of paddy stored under gastight seal outdoors in the Philippines
S. NAVARRO. FILIPINAS M. CALIBOSO, GLORY C. SABIO and EJ. DONAHAYE
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Control of beeswax moths using carbon dioxide in flexible plastic and metal structures
B. YAKOBSON, S. NAVARRO, EJ. DONAHAYE, A. AZRIELI, Y. SLAVEZKY and H. EFRAT
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Traditional hermetic methods of grain storage used in Cyprus
ELENI PAPADEMETRIOU and A. VARNAVA
Abstract and Full Paper Download

7-year results of hermetic storage of barley under PVC liners: losses and justification for further implementation of this method for grain storage
A. VARNAVA and C. MOUSKOS
Abstract and Full Paper Download

SESSION 4: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE APPLICATION OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES AND/OR FUMIGATION

Rapporteur's Report

Sorption of carbon dioxide by wheat
S. NAVARRO
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Sorption of fumigants by cut flowers
GAYE L. WELLER and J.E. VAN S. GRAVER
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Mathematical models for carbon dioxide distribution and loss in bulks of grain
D.S. JAYAS, W.E. MUIR and N.D.G. WHITE
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Efficacy of phosphine fumigations on bagged milled rice under polyethylene sheeting in Indonesia
M. BENGSTON, M. SIDIK, H. HALID and E. ALIP
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Influence of grain temperature on efficacy of fumigation in leaky bins
C. REED
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Methyl bromide emission control from commodity fumigation
J.G. LEESCH and G.F. KNAPP
Abstract and Full Paper Download

SESSION 5: APPLICATION METHODOLOGY OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES AND/OR FUMIGATION, INCLUDING USE OF CARBON DIOXIDE UNDER INCREASED PRESSURE

Rapporteur's Report

On-site production of nitrogen for stored-product disinfestation
C.S. ADLER, C. ULRICHS and C. REICHMUTH
Abstract and Full Paper Download

The use of on-site generated atmospheres to treat grain in bins or floor stores
C.H. BELL, S.T. CONYERS and B.E. LLEWELLIN
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Purging grain bulks with nitrogen: plug-flow and mixing processes observed under field conditions
H,J. BANKS and P.C. ANNIS
Abstract and Full Paper Download

A new phosphine releasing bag product based on magnesium phosphide for short-term fumigation
L. BENZING
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Active fumigation systems: better ways to fumigate grain
R.G. WINKS and G.F. RUSSELL
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Gaseous phosphine - a revitalised fumigant
R.F. RYAN
Abstract and Full Paper Download

An investigation into safe disposal of phosphine-generating formulations
CJ. WATERFORD, C.P. WHITTLE, J.E. VAN S. GRAVER, S.W. JOHNSTON, R. ALLANSON and GAYE L. WELLER
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Economic feasibility of phosphine recirculation systems in sealed silos at US grain elevators
P. KENKEL, R.T. NOYES, J.T. CRlSWELL and G.W. CUPERUS
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Control of pests and quality aspects in cocoa beans and hazelnuts and diffusion experiments in compressed tobacco with carbon dioxide under high pressure
SABINE PROZELL, C. REICHMUTH, G. ZIEGLEDER, B. SCHARTMANN, R. MATISSEK, J. KRAUS, D. GERARD and S. ROGG
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Carbon dioxide under high pressure to control the tobacco beetle Lasioderma serricorne
C. ULRICHS, C. REICHMUTH and W. RASSMANN
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Rate of gas exchange during treatment of compressed tobacco with nitrogen or carbon dioxide for pest control
C. ULRlCHS, C. REICHMUTH, R. TAUSCHER and K. WESTPHAL
Abstract and Full Paper Download

SESSION 6: SEALING TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF DETERMINING GASTIGHTNESS

Test methods for sealing levels of grain stores: pressure tests and tracer techniques
H.J. BANKS
Abstract and Full Paper Not Available

Pressure tests to determine need for sheeting loaded freight containers before fumigation
S. BALL and J.E. VAN S. GRAVER
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Manifolding and sealing installation methods for manifolded phosphine recirculation systems in multiple concrete silos in US grain elevators
R.T. NOYES, P. KENKEL, J.T. CRISWELL and G.W. CUPERUS
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Sealing efficiency assessment in modified atmosphere storages
S. NAVARRO
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Sealing outdoor storage and fumigation facilities using plastic sheeting
T. deBRUIN
Abstract and Full Paper Download

The response of the silo manufacturing industry in Australia to the sealing of transportable grain silos
C.R. NEWMAN
Abstract and Full Paper Download

SESSION 7: INTEGRATED COMMODITY MANAGEMENT METHODS WITH CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES

Rapporteur's Report

Ethyl formate as a fumigant of sultanas: sorption and efficacy against six pest species
SARAH J. HILTON and H.J. BANKS
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Carbon dioxide fumigation of organic grain followed by 'refrig-aeration'
B.W. BRIDGEMAN
Abstract and Abstract and Full Paper Download

Development of a decision support system for the fumigation of milled-rice bag-stacks in the tropics
RJ. HODGES, M. SMITH, A. MADDEN, D. RUSSELL, I. GUDRUPS and H. HALlD
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Simulation model of low-oxygen atmospheres on insect population dynamics in stored grain
P.W. FLINN and D.W. HAGSTRUM
Abstract and Full Paper Download

SESSION 8: POTENTIAL THREATS TO CONVENTIONAL CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES AND/OR FUMIGATION (REGULATORY, INSECT RESISTANCE)

Rapporteur's Report

Influence of resistance on future fumigation technology
J.L. ZETTLER
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Resistance - a threat to the use of controlled atmospheres for stored-product protection?
C.S. ADLER
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Selection of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) for resistance to a combination of phosphine plus carbon dioxide and biological observations on the resistant strain
FA EL-LAKWAH, A.A. DARWISH, M.M. KHAITAB and A.M. ABDEL-LATIF
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Phosphine measurement at environmental levels by gas chromatography and portable methods
S. PRATT and CJ. WATERFORD
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Does underdosing select for resistance to phosphine?
PJ. COLLINS, TA LAMBKIN, R.L. HADDRELL, TINA M. LAMBKIN and LINDA A. BOND.
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Limitations for infestation control in cooled bulk grain and a strategy to overcome inherent sealing and gas distribution problems using phosphine
C.H. BELL, AL CLIFTON, K.A. MILLS and TJ. WONTNER-SMITH . . . .
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Resistance of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) to phosphine in the Philippines
PERLINA D.SAYABOC and AJ.G. GIBE
Abstract and Full Paper Download

There is no resistance of stored-product moths against treatment with carbon dioxide under high pressure!
C. REICHMUTH
Abstract and Full Paper Download

The current status of methyl bromide and phosphine fumigation in Poland
S. IGNATOWICZ, S. OBOZA and C. SLUSARSKI
Abstract and Full Paper Download

SESSION 9: QUARANTINE AND REGULATORY ISSUES PERTAINING TO THE USE OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES AND/OR FUMIGATION

A new approach to adoption of potential alternative quarantine treatments world-wide
R.T. BAKER
Abstract and Full Paper Download

The impact of domestic and international regulatory controls on the competitiveness of American agriculture
R.T. ROSS
Abstract and Full Paper Download

The potential of systems approaches for quarantine
K.W. VICK
Abstract and Full Paper Not Available

The efficacy of methylisothiocyanate against the Codling moth
VALERIE DUCOM and C. VINGHES
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Use of low-oxygen atmospheres in quarantine applications to eradicate Mus musculus, the house mouse
JULIE A. CASSELLS, J.E. VAN S. GRAVER, RH. BURTON and H.J. BANKS
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Controlled atmosphere and other alternatives for current uses of methyl bromide in the Netherlands
J.W. KLIJNSTRA
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Commercial quarantine fumigation of narcissus bulbs to control narcissus flies
S. NAVARRO, EJ. DONAHAYE, R. DlAZ, MIRIAM RINDNER and A. AZRIELI
Abstract and Full Paper Download

The present use of methyl bromide as a fumigant for stored products in developing countries: results of a recent survey
R.W.D. TAYLOR
Abstract and Full Paper Download

SESSION 10: SAMPLlNG AND TRAPPING IN RELATION TO CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES AND FUMIGATION

Rapporteur's Report

Influence of pitfall traps and WB Probe II traps on the capture of four stored-grain Coleoptera
P. TREMATERRA and M. MANCINI
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Sampling to determine treatment efficacy: development and validation of sequential sampling plans for adults of the rusty grain beetle associated with farm-stored wheat
B. SUBRAMANYAM, D.W. HAGSTRUM, RL. MEAGHER, E.C. BURKNESS, W.D. HUTCHISON and S.E. NARANJO
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Comparison of two methods of detecting insects in grain
R. WlLKIN and C. VAN NATTO
Abstract and Full Paper Download

On the capture of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst): effects of alive and dead insects in a trap
P. TREMATERRA, F. FONTANA and M. MANCINI
Abstract and Full Paper Download

The use of traps to monitor insect infestations in cocoa container shipments
P.M. COGAN
Abstract and Full Paper Not Available

POSTERS SESSION

A new model for analysis of development rates of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.)
P. TREMATERRA, F. FONTANA and M. MANCINI
Abstract and Full Paper Download

An innovative approach to monitoring insect pests in silos
V. STEJSKAL
Abstract and Full Paper Download

Efficacy of ozone to control insects, molds and mycotoxins
LINDA J. MASON, C.P. WOLOSHUK and D.E. MAIER
Abstract and Full Paper Download